Based on the ground observations at 117 meteorological stations from 1980 to 2020 and the planting date of spring potatoes in Shandong province, the date of emergence is calculated by accumulated temperature. The variation of water and heat during the stage from sowing to emergence is analyzed. The results shows that the mean number of days of the stage, the precipitation, the relative moisture index, the average air temperature and temperature suitability of the area from 1980 to 2020 are 39.5 d, 16.5 mm, -0.48, 8.9 ℃, 0.54, respectively. And the corresponding ten-year propensity rates of these elements are -1.8 d, -3.1 mm, -0.09, 0.6 ℃, 0.07, respectively. Since the water conditions shows a decreasing trend, the field irrigation should be strengthened in the stage. Heat conditions shows an increasing trend, which is beneficial to increase planting area.