In this paper, the temperature and water vapor density profiles retrieved by the ground-based microwave radiometer are compared with those obtained by GPS sounding data at the same site, using the data of 4 typical typhoon cases obtained by typhoon experiments of Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration. It is found the correlation coefficients of temperature and water vapor density are 0.988 and 0.928, respectively. The detection accuracy of the microwave radiometer varies greatly at different heights. On the whole, the detection accuracy of temperature in the upper layer is better than that in the lower layer, while the detection accuracy of water vapor density in the lower layer is better than that in the upper layer. Further research shows that the accuracy of detecting water vapor density is significantly positively correlated with precipitation intensity, but it has no obvious relationship with wind speed or relative typhoon position. Through calculation, the correlation coefficient between the root mean square error of 21 sets of water vapor density profiles and the rainfall intensity in the corresponding period is 0.912. This study quantitatively shows the detection accuracy of temperature by the microwave radiometer under typhoon weather conditions is relatively high, and the observation quality of water vapor density has certain reliability and validity. This study will provide a reliable basis for application of ground-based microwave radiometer in the observation of atmospheric temperature and humidity structures of strong convective synoptic systems such as typhoons and fronts in the future.