Based on conventional meteorological observation data and sounding data, the characteristics, circulations, and environmental parameters of persistent short-time severe rainfall at 123 national meteorological stations in Shandong from 2007 to 2019 are analyzed. The results are as follows. (1) There are 144 times of persistent short-time severe rainfall processes at 81 stations on 78 precipitation days, and the frequency and proportion of stations of precipitation in the southeast of Shandong Province are significantly higher than those in other regions. The majority of precipitation occurs from late June to late August, and the most is from early to mid-August. (2) The synoptic processes mainly occur in conditional instability with high absolute humidity and high relative humidity in the low level, low lifting condensation level, and thick warm cloud. (3) For quasi-barotropic category and low-level warm advection forcing category, their temperature and humidity profiles are approximately parallel, convective available potential energy is moderate, vertical wind shear is weak, and low-level warm and moist advection plays an important role in the establishment or maintenance of unstable stratification. For baroclinic frontogenesis category and upper cold advection forcing category, both of the temperature and humidity profiles present a “V” shape, the lower layer is humid, the middle layer is dry, convective available potential energy is weak, vertical wind shear is moderate, and both cold advection and warm advection are significant to unstable environment.