Based on the precipitation data of 152 automatic meteorological observation stations in Foshan from 2012 to 2020, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of short-time heavy precipitation in Foshan are studied according to the range and property of heavy precipitation, and the main synoptic systems are analyzed. The results are listed as follows. (1) The frequency of short-time heavy precipitation is on the rise as a whole, and the spatial and temporal differences of short-time heavy precipitation with different ranges and properties are large. The local type, regional type, and abrupt type of short-time heavy precipitation mainly occur from April to September, the citywide type and growth type mainly occur from March to October, and the frequency of continuous type is the highest from May to June. (2) From the perspective of diurnal variation, the local type and regional type have unimodal characteristics, the citywide type has multimodal characteristics, the abrupt type and growth type are bimodal, and the continuous type is relatively stable and slightly higher from 06:00 to 09:00. The diurnal variations of the median values of the local type, citywide type, and growth type are small, while those of the regional type, growth type, and continuous type are large. (3) The periods of the maximum values are different, and the short-time heavy precipitation with the maximum value is a regional process of growth type. (4) In terms of spatial distribution, the frequency of local type is higher in the southwest and north of Foshan, while the frequency of citywide type is opposite. The frequency of regional type is lower in the southwest, the frequency of growth type is higher than that of abrupt type, and the frequency of continuous type is the lowest. (5) The edge of subtropical high is the synoptic system of the largest proportion for the local type and abrupt type, tropical system for the regional type, continuous type, growth type, and westerly trough for the citywide type, while the southwest vortex has the smallest proportion in all types.