“24.7”山东群发龙卷天气过程中小尺度特征分析
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1.山东省气象防灾减灾重点实验室,山东省气象台;2.山东省气象防灾减灾重点实验室

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山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2021MD010,ZR2023MD118);山东省气象局创新团队(SDCXTD2021-1,SDCXTD2023-1);山东省气象局科研项目(2024sdcxtd01,SDTQ2024-02,2024SDQN16,2022sdqxz11,2022sdqxm12,SDTQ2023-01,2023sdqxm09,2023sdqxm02)。


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Analysis on the Mesoscale Characteristics of the “24.7” Shandong Group Tornado Process
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Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Shandong

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    摘要:

    2024年7月5日,受温带气旋影响,山东出现9个龙卷,1~4号龙卷由同一个超级单体产生。本文利用高空、地面、风廓线雷达和多普勒天气雷达等多源观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,分析了“24.7”山东群发龙卷天气过程的中小尺度特征。结果表明:(1)强烈的LLJ提供了充足的水汽,不稳定的大气层结、中等强度的垂直风切变、低的抬升凝结高度为龙卷母体风暴提供了有利的环境条件。LLJ底高下降,1000 m以下风速达到10~12 m?s–1 37 min后东明出现1号龙卷。(2)温带气旋在河南省中部快速加强,三支不同性质的气流汇聚于气旋东北象限,造成汇聚点涡旋加强、气压降低。龙卷主要发生在气旋东北方向62 km辐合线附近或者辐合线后侧的东北风气流里。(3)1~4号龙卷期间,中气旋和TVS底高位于雷达探测的最低高度,中气旋的最大切变及其所在高度至少有一个体扫分别超过41?10–3 s–1和低于2.5km;TVS最低层风速差和最大切变至少有一个体扫分别达到37 m?s–1和82?10–3 s–1,同时最大切变高度低于2.5km。(4)当TVS最大切变跃增至100?10–3 s–1以上,且高度降至2.5km以下,预示龙卷即将发生。(5)当雷达探测到多个中气旋和TVS,龙卷倾向于出现在回波带的前沿。一个龙卷结束后,如果中气旋和TVS的强度均没有明显的减弱,当二者的最大切变分别增强到20?10–3 s–1和70?10–3 s–1以上,或者TVS最低层风速差超过35 m?s–1时,预示着将再次出现龙卷。

    Abstract:

    On July 5, 2024, influenced by a extratropical cyclone, Shandong experienced nine tornadoes, with tornadoes No.1 to No.4 generated by the same supercell. This paper analyzes the mesoscale characteristics of the "24.7" group tornado process in Shandong using multi-source observational data such as upper-air, surface, wind profiler radar, and Doppler weather radar, along with ERA5 reanalysis data. The results show that: (1) The strong low-level jet (LLJ) provided abundant moisture, and the unstable atmospheric stratification, moderate vertical wind shear, and low lifting condensation levels created favorable environmental conditions for the tornadic parent storm. The LLJ bottom height dropped, and wind speeds below 1000 m reached 10-12 m?s–1, the first tornado appeared in Dongming 37 minutes later. (2) The extratropical cyclone rapidly intensified in central Henan Province, with three different types of airflow converging in the northeastern quadrant of the cyclone, resulting in the strengthening of the vortex and the reduction of air pressure at the convergence point. Tornadoes primarily occurred near the convergence line on the northeast side of the cyclone or within the northeast airflow behind the convergence line, 62km away from the center of the cyclone. (3) During the period of tornadoes No.1 to No.4, the base heights of the mesocyclone and TVS were at the minimum height detectable by the radar. For the mesocyclone, at least one volume scan showed that either the maximum shear exceeded 41?10–3 s–1 or the height where the maximum shear occurred was below 2.5 km. For the TVS, at least one volume scan showed that either the wind speed difference in the lowest layer reached 37 m?s–1 or the maximum shear reached 82?10–3 s–1, and meanwhile, the height of the maximum shear was below 2.5 km. (4) When the maximum shear jumped above 100?10–3 s–1 with its height droped below 2.5 km, it indicated an imminent tornado occurrence. (5) When multiple mesocyclones and TVS are detected by the radar, tornadoes tend to occur at the leading edge of the echo band. After a tornado ended, if the intensities of the mesocyclone and TVS did not weaken significantly, and when the maximum shears of the two increased respectively to above 20?10–3 s–1and 70?10–3 s–1, or when the wind speed difference at the lowest layer of the TVS exceeded 35 m?s–1, it indicates that a tornado will occur again.

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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-25
  • 最后修改日期:2025-01-26
  • 录用日期:2025-04-11
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