Based on observational data and multi-source reanalysis materials, this study explores the characteristics and possible influencing factors of the Siberia–Tibetan Plateau dipole surface temperature anomaly pattern in Asia during the winter (December to February of the following year) from 1981 to 2023. Research findings: Late autumn Barents–Kara sea-ice and the winter precipitation in Western Mediterranean–Northeastern Atlantic (WMNA) respectively modulate the dipole-type temperature anomaly through meridional wave train and the sub-polar and sub-tropical wavelets. The Siberian cold anomaly is primarily driven by cold advection resulting from weakened sub-polar westerlies under the influence of an anomalous Baikal low-pressure system. The Tibetan Plateau warm anomaly stems from increased shortwave radiation due to reduced cloud cover controlled by a persistent high-pressure anomaly, with additional amplification via ice/snow-albedo feedback. In late autumn (October–November), low sea ice concentration in the Barents–Kara Sea triggers an abnormal high-pressure system in the upper atmosphere by thermal and maintains it until winter. Subsequently, the Rossby wave energy spreads from the eastern part of the abnormal high-pressure system to the south, which is conducive to the formation of a low-pressure anomaly over the Baikal Lake. This is conducive to the occurrence of the Siberian cold anomaly and ultimately helps to form the positive phase of the Siberian–Tibetan Plateau dipole. And vice versa. Furthermore, the positive (negative) winter WMNA precipitation anomaly excites a negative (positive) upper-level wave source, which in turn triggers both sub-polar and sub-tropical wave trains. Contrasting pressure anomalies—low-pressure (high-pressure) over the Tibetan Plateau and high-pressure (low-pressure) near Lake Baikal, promoting the development of the Siberian–Tibetan Plateau temperature dipole positive (negative) phase. This study clarifies the regulatory effects of the thermodynamic-dynamic coupling between sea ice and the atmosphere and the remote propagation of wave energy on the Siberian–Tibetan Plateau dipole temperature anomaly, providing a theoretical basis for the prediction of extreme winter temperatures in Siberian and Tibetan Plateau.