An automatic cyclone identification and tracking method was employed to investigate the characteristics of extratropical cyclones (ETCs) affecting the Mount Tai region and their precipitation impacts, using ERA5 reanalysis data and hourly precipitation records from national automatic weather stations during the warm season (May–September) from 2010 to 2022. A total of 50 extratropical cyclones were identified, with an annual average of 7.5 affected days. Cyclone occurrence peaked in June (13 events), while July exhibited the longest influence duration. According to the cyclone center position and circulation coverage, the cyclones were categorized into three types: C1 (Mongolian cyclones, 19 cases), which remain distant and impact Mount Tai primarily through their southern cold frontal zones, causing weak rainfall; C2, mainly Yellow River cyclones (26 cases), with centers close to Mount Tai, having the longest impact duration and being the primary type causing heavy rainfall; and type C3 (5 cases), the least frequent, mostly Huanghuai and Yellow River cyclones, characterized by the weakest intensity and smallest spatial scale, with only two cases producing heavy rainfall in the Mount Tai region. Although precipitation associated with ETCs accounted for only about 15% of total warm-season rainfall, it contributed up to 23% of heavy-rainfall days, with maximum local contributions reaching 42% in the southwestern part of Mount Tai. Cluster analysis of 18 cyclone-induced heavy-rainfall days classified them into three patterns: western, northern, and southern types. The western type featured precipitation mainly over western Shandong, with maxima around Mount Tai and southwestern Shandong. Southern-type rainfall events mainly occurred from June to early July, with heavier precipitation south of Mount Tai, whereas northern-type events occurred mostly from mid-July to early August, featuring lighter rainfall north of the mountain. Composite analysis indicates that both the southern and northern rainfall types occurred ahead of an upper-level trough and near the surface warm front associated with the cyclone. The rainfall distribution was closely related to the cyclone track, while the difference in rainfall intensity was mainly attributed to variations in low-level convergence and baroclinicity.