Based on observational data and multi-source reanalysis materials, this study explores the characteristics and possible influencing factors of the Siberia-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dipole surface temperature anomaly pattern during the winter (December-February of the following year) from 1981 to 2023. The research shows the following results. (1) The Siberia-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dipole surface temperature anomaly is observed over Asia in winter. The Siberia cold anomaly is primarily driven by cold advection resulting from weakened sub-polar westerlies under the influence of an anomalous low-pressure system over Lake Baikal. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau warm anomaly stems from the increased short-wave radiation due to reduced cloud cover controlled by a persistent high-pressure anomaly, with additional amplification via ice/snow-albedo feedback. (2) In late autumn (October-November), the low sea ice concentration in the Barents-Kara Sea triggers an abnormal high-pressure system in the upper atmosphere by thermal action and maintains it until winter. Subsequently, the Rossby wave energy spreads to the south, which is conducive to the formation of a low-pressure anomaly over Lake Baikal. This is conducive to the occurrence of the Siberia cold anomaly and ultimately helps to form the positive phase of the Siberia-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dipole temperature anomaly. However, the situation is the opposite when there is high sea ice concentration. (3) The positive (negative) winter precipitation anomaly over western Mediterranean Sea-northeastern Atlantic Ocean excites a negative (positive) upper-level wave source, which in turn triggers both sub-polar and sub-tropical wave trains. Contrasting pressure anomalies—low pressure (high pressure) near Lake Baikal and high pressure (low pressure) over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, promote the development of the positive (negative) phase of the Siberia-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dipole temperature anomaly. This study clarifies the regulatory effects of the thermal-dynamic coupling between sea ice and the atmosphere and the remote propagation of wave energy on the Siberia-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau dipole temperature anomaly, providing a theoretical basis for predicting the interannual variations of winter temperatures in Siberia and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.